NEW STUDY: Fat Makes You Stupid?

Boost your brainpower by shrinking your waistline: A Kent State University study finds that for obese people, losing weight improves brain function and memory.

The ongoing study followed more than 100 obese patients before and after bariatric surgery. Researchers asked the subjects to remember words from a list read aloud to them, which tested the participants real-world ability to learn new information.

Before the surgery, most subjects showed below-average memory skills. But 12 weeks after surgery, the group’s collective BMI had dropped around 6 points—and their memory test scores had improved to within the average range for all adults.

More research is needed to uncover the actual mechanisms connecting obesity to brain function, but previous studies on obesity-related diseases give researchers a solid starting point.

“Scientists have known for some time that medical conditions like hypertension and type 2 diabetes can directly damage the brain, including brain atrophy (shrinkage), causing tiny strokes throughout the brain, and altering blood flow patterns within the brain,” says researcher John Gunstad, Ph.D, of Kent State University. “This damage is often found in brain regions important for memory, including processing new information and then being able to retrieve it later.” Weight loss improves these conditions, which, presumably, improves memory, says Gunstad.

But you don’t have to have expensive, dangerous surgery to see the results: Obese patients who lose weight through diet and exercise should also see memory improvement, Gunstad says. “We know that better diet is associated with better mental performance,” says Gunstad. “We also know that becoming more cardiovascular fit is associated with better performance. So if you’re eating better, exercising more, and actually losing weight—those are three factors that have all gotten better, and memory is likely also to get better.” (Related from MensHealth.com: 20 Reasons to Drop 20 Pounds.)

Did you know that a happy mood could drain memory—but moderate drinking might help keep it strong? Here’s how to Remember Every Memory.

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Prostate cancer screening doesn't cut the mortality rate

20-year study from Sweden suggest that significantly reduce the risk of prostate cancer testing the death disease.

On the other hand, good men can be false-positive results and overtreatment, adding an element of risk, the researchers report widescale screening to 31. March online issue of the BMJ.

"According to our findings, I would say that the benefit of the classification is not sufficient to support the mass screening," said study author Dr. Gabriel Sandblom, associate professor at Karolinska Institutet in Stockholm.

"However," he added, "the study of Sandblom was initiated more than 20 years ago, when the DOG [prostate specific antigen testing] were not available and the treatment of localized prostate cancer has not been as effective as it is today. Therefore, I recommend the PSA testing nor categorically on the basis of individual decisions from a man who feels concerned about prostate cancer. "

This Council is not in accordance with the recently updated guidelines for screening for prostate cancer from the Government of the United States of America. The recommendations, released in 2008, critically prostate cancer screenings in any age, healthy men and definitely recommend against them exclusively for men over 75.

American society for cancer also recently revisited the question of screening for prostate cancer.

"A little over a year ago, the American society for cancer to revise its guidelines, which reinforces the message that men need to be informed, that are known advantages, but also the boundaries of the projection, the DOG," said Dr. Durado Brooks, Director of prostate cancer and Colon cancer in American society. "The American Cancer Society, and is not to encourage or discourage them from prostate cancer screenings.

This new study to carry with him a number of important weaknesses, said Brooks. In particular, due to the timing and design studies, most men only received one and at most two PSA tests.

"At best, it is the study of one or two tests of the DOG in men in their late 50 's and early 1960 's," he said.

For the study, researchers looked at all the people in the Swedish city of Norrkoping, who were aged 50 to 69 in 1987, a total of 9,026 people.

One of them was 1,494 men detection prostate cancer – first with the digital sound (DRE) and since 1993, DRE and PSA tests – every three years.

In 1996, were reviewed, only men aged 69 or below.

The remaining men have undergone screening and 7532 served as the Group of comparison.

Mortality rate of men who have been subjected to examination was not significantly different in the control group, although the tumors in the screened group rather smaller and more localized.

Commenting on the study, Dr. Chad LaGrange, Professor of Urology at the University of Nebraska Medical Center in Omaha, said he believes that the findings add "much greater uncertainty" already complex issue.

More and more research on this topic, "the guidelines have become vague recommendations," he said. "We have no really no rules."

The bottom line: "it's not just as simple as a DOG or a screening work. Patients should talk with their doctor about it, "said LaGrange. "PSA testing should not be just a reflex."

But the good news is hidden here is that the number of deaths from prostate cancer continues to decline, whether it be a better classification or better treatment, he said. "We're doing something right," said LaGrange.

SOURCE: Gabriel Sandblom, M.D., Ph.d., Associate Professor, Karolinska Institute, Stockholm, Sweden; Chad LaGrange, m.d., Assistant Professor, urology, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha; Durado Brooks, m.d., Director, prostate cancer, and colon, American society for cancer, Atlanta; March 31, 2011, BMJ, online

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Genital Herpes (HSV)

What is Herpes?

Oral and genital herpes is caused by only two of six herpes viruses that can infect people family. These viruses are very easy to transfer, and is therefore very common. The two herpes virus associated with oral and genital herpes are:

HSV1: Usually causes cold sore, but can also infect the genital regionHSV2: the main cause of genital herpes, but it can also cause cold wound in the face

Genital Herpes Symptoms
Warning: the Images may offend some viewers

Herpes (genital or oral) infections are characterized by an outbreak of small, painful wounds, which can be covered with a thin layer of inflammation. Often people just before an outbreak, so-called prod romal symptoms, which may include itching or tingling at the site of infection. These symptoms vary from person to person, but in the end many people with recurring outbreaks teacher which sensations signal as the active wounds are displayed.

Most people with genital herpes will never have any symptoms. Generally, if symptoms will appear, showing the last two weeks after the first period of the infection. The first outbreak is usually the worst, and many people experience symptoms will do only once. For most others, severity and frequency of symptoms decrease over time.

How common is Genital Herpes?

Herpes virus is extremely common. One out of every four women and one out of every five men in the United States becomes infected with HSV2 at some time in their lives. HSV1 is even more common. More than half of all Americans are living with herpes-genital organs or oral-and you can have both oral and genital tract infections at the same time. Contrary to protects one infection not you from another

A lot of negativity directed against persons who have genital herpes, but it is important to remember that it is a virus that will affect a good proportion of the population at one point in their lives. Having herpes does not mean that a person is dirty, or a bad person. It simply means that they have been exposed to a disease that affects more than a quarter of the population. In addition, anyone who has ever had a cold sore experienced an outbreak of a herpes virus. Empathy is a more productive option than DOM. Herpes tests may have a difficult time distinguishing between types of infection, unless a person has been tested during an outbreak.

How can prevent Genital Herpes?

Genital herpes can spread by oral, vaginal and anal sex as well as other intimate contact. Because it is spread by contact with the skin to the skin, and not only through the exchange of bodily fluids not condoms completely prevent transmission, even though they slightly reduce the risk. It is important to know that herpes can be transmitted even in the absence of symptoms, although there is a greater risk of infection when wounds are visible. Individuals with genital herpes is usually advised to abstain from sex during active outbreaks, and an active herpes infection can also increase the individual's risk of contracting HIV.

The only guaranteed way to avoid a herpes genital infection is to refrain from sexual contact. The safest sex is taking place within a long-term, mutually monogamous relationship with a partner that has been tested and found to be negative for herpes virus. HSV1, although normally associated with cold sore, is even more contagious than HSV2, and some researchers believe that the number of cases of genital herpes associated HSV1 may be increasing.

Herpes treatment there is no cure for genital herpes, whatever some may require, but it can be treated. Antiviral drugs can be used to shorten the duration of outbreaks and reduce their frequency. For people with frequent outbreaks or uninfected partners can be recommended for daily suppressive therapy. In this case would antivirals be taken continuously to reduce the risk of not only the symptoms but transmission. Even when suppressive therapy is very effective at eliminating an infected person outbreaks, can he still be able to transfer herpes virus to a partner.

Herpes and pregnancy Herpes infection can be fatal in infants. Infection transmission from mother to child during pregnancy is thankfully relatively rare. If you know that your computer is infected with genital herpes, you should discuss your diagnosis with your obstetrician. A cesarean section can be recommended if you have an active outbreak at the time you give birth.

Living with Herpes

Genital herpes is a scary diagnosis for many people. Society may have exposed them to the messages suggest that people with herpes genital infections are dirty or something lacking, and it is tempting to lash and look for someone to blame. Genital herpes is, however, simply a disease like any other--a disease, in fact, that affect approximately one in five Americans. And since it is incurable, it is something that they end up having to live with and deal with for many years. Fortunately, you can do many things that make living with herpes easier.

Sources:

CDC Herpes Fact Sheet

C-health: Herpes Virus page

Herpes virus (part of Ken Todar microbial world at u. Wisconsin Madison)

Xu, f. et al. (2006) "trends in Herpes Simplex Virus Type 1 and Type 2 seroprevalence in United States," JAMA, 296: 964-973

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Chlamydia: an overview

Chlamydia is the most common curable sexually transmitted disease, and this is because obbligato intracellular parasite Chlamydia trachomatis. Hundreds of thousands of new cases reported each year, but that represents probably less than half of all infections. This is because half of all Chlamydia cases in men and three quarters of cases in women, Chlamydia have no symptoms. Scientists estimate that in the United States alone is 3-4 million new cases per year

Primary infection site for Chlamydia in men is the urethra, the tube inside the penis that carries urine and sperm. Infection of the urethra is known as urethritis. Chlamydia symptoms in men may include: burning pain on urination discharge from the opening of the penis (urethra) pain in pain in the testicles, or discharge from the rectum

Primary infection site for chlamydia in women is the cervix, the opening that connects the vagina or uterus in the womb. Infection in the cervix is known as cervicitis. Chlamydia symptoms in women can include Vaginal discharge Vaginal irritation: painful intercourse Pain in, or discharge from, the rectum Nondescript pain in lower abdomen strong pelvic cavities pain from an infection, have ascended from the cervix to the upper reproductive tract.

The symptoms that are described above, however, can also be caused by other infections. If you have signs of discharge from genital organs or unexplained irritation, you should speak to the health service provider of your choice for Chlamydia testing.

If you are uncomfortable to see your regular doctor about possible STD diagnosis, has many regional areas in public STD clinics. Planned Parenthood is also a good resource for STD treatment and diagnosis. Both Government run clinics and planned parenthood scale treatment prices to your income, so that the money should not be a problem in to seek treatment.

Because so many people with chlamydia have no symptoms, it is important to ask your doctor to screen you for disease on their annual visit, if there is any chance you may have been exposed. If you have had unprotected sex with a partner who is infected with, or has not been tested for Chlamydia should you consider themselves at risk of disease.

Before the conclusion of a new sexual relations, or begin to have unprotected sex in your current relationship, many sex educators recommend that both you and your partner be screened for Chlamydia, and other common Stds. Use condoms, which has shown itself to be effective in preventing the spread of Chlamydia in case of doubt.

Next: diagnosis and treatment

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To get tested for a STD

STD testing is done in many different ways. When you go to a doctor to be tested for Std, to start by asking questions about your risk factors. After assessing what diseases you risk because they will test you for these conditions. Anyone with a new partner or multiple partners should be screened for Chlamydia and gonorrhea, but testing for other Stds is usually done at the doctor's discretion. Syphilis screening, e.g. is recommended for pregnant women and certain high risk groups including prison inmates, men who have high risk sex with men and patients with another STD. In the absence of symptoms, but other people are not normally tested for syphilis because of the risk of false positives. If you know you are at risk for a specific disease, speech. The best way to ensure you screened is question.

Below you can find links that describe how doctors test for some of the most common Std.

Although public clinics, as planned parenthood, often for Std testing as a standard part of an annual exam, many private doctors are not. Although you might think you're safe because your doctor told you that you have an infection, it is possible that you may not have actually been tested at all. You should always ask what screening tests, your doctor has done, and do not hesitate to ask for further samples if you think they are relevant. It is better to be safe than sorry.

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Safer sex for lesbians

Many adult women circling health care on the need for contraception. In many ways is American medical establishment designed around this accepted fact. Women often get their primary care via OB/GYNs and similar handlers, which delivers not only gynecological services, but also regular health screening exams. Women who do not need contraception, either on grounds of age, sexual orientation or other issues, lifestyle, are less inclined to take advantage of recommended preventive health services. In some cases, this can be life threatening. The lack of regular pap smears among lesbians and older women have been implicated in their increased risk of dying from cervical cancer.

Lesbians can also have other obstacles for the handling of mainstream medical system. Even if they use traditional health care, they may feel uncomfortable disclosing their sexuality doctors if they fear they will be judged. Inability to discuss sexual health, however, can affect other areas of a woman's life. When you close the door to talking about something as important as sexuality, you also lose the opportunity to speak about many other health issues.

It may be difficult for a woman to discuss sexual health issues with his doctor. It is often easier when they just need to answer the direct question, but these questions can not be relevant to lesbians and other women who have sex with women (WSW). For example, the doctor asks "how many men have you had sex with this year?" or "Use condoms every time you have sexual intercourse?" and neither the question would give an accurate picture of a WSW sexual history. This, combined with a fear of prejudice, can be intensified by these heterosexist assumptions can make lesbians reluctant to discuss their sexual history with a doctor. Even, or perhaps especially when this sexual history occasionally include men.

Many women who identify as lesbians have had sex with a man at least once in their lives. For many reasons, women who identify as lesbians are less inclined to use protection during sexual encounters with men. This increases the risk of transmission of the disease at each meeting, which means that many lesbians male sexual partners, when they have them, tend to be higher risk than heterosexual women partners.

These lesbians, who has never slept with a man is also threatened by sexually transmitted diseases. A higher number of female partners have been associated with increased risk of bacterial vaginosis, herpes and HPV in various studies. This risk is aggravated by the fact that many lesbians and bisexual women consider sex between women a low risk activity and so do not practice safer sex.

Lesbian safer sex is not an oxymoron. There are ways to improve the safety of most, if not all, sexual activity, which takes place between women. Mechanics in many safer sexual acts between women are the same as for many other types of couples and include: user obstacles, such as dental dams, saran wrap or carved open the condoms for oral, vaginal and oral-anal contact. Use gloves when inserting fingers into the vagina or rectum. Put condoms on the insertable property sex toys and change the condom for each partner.
Note: Condoms should also be changed when you move a toy from the vagina to the rectum, or vice versa.

Sources:

Roberts SJ. "Health care recommendations for lesbian women." J. Obstet. Gynecol Neonatal Nurs. 2006 Sep-Oct; 35 (5): 583-91.

McNair r. "risks and prevention of sexually transmissible infections among women who have sex with women. Sex health. 2005; 2 (4): 209-17.

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Squamous Cell

Definition:

A squamous cell is a type of epithelial cell, found in many different areas of the carcase. Although many people think epithelial cells as "skin" cells, they can actually be found cover many layers of the human body-not just without.

Squamous cells are flat, in contrast to the square (cuboidal) or rectangular (single column), epithelial cells are found in many parts of the body. You can find squamous cells in the mouth, lips, and on the cervix, as well as in in the middle layer of the skin. Squamous cells are epithelial cells pretty utilitarian, used to cover just about everywhere.

Most people only become familiar with the term squamous cell when they are diagnosed with a squamøs cell carcinoma-a kind of cancer. Squamøs cell carcinomas are the most common cancer in the oral cavity and is also commonly found in the cervix and the skin.

Women can also be familiar with the term squamous cell, because potentially precancerous, abnormal Pap smear results are diagnosed as squamous intraepithelial lesions. In this case, the squamous cells in the cervix has taken an abnormal morphology, or a figure, but they have not necessarily becoming malignant. Actually heal lower grade squamous intraepithelial lesions or cervical dysplasias often even without intervention.

Source:
R. Abu-Eid and g. Landini "Tissue architecture and cell morphology, squamøs cell Carcinomas Compared to granular cell tumours Pseudo-epitheliomatous Hyperplasia and normal oral Mucosae." in Losa GA et al. (eds) (2005) Fractals in biology and medicine

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Oral Herpes-HSV-1

Although they are usually caused by viruses, which depart in less than 17 percent of their genome, and can even derive from the same virus, genital herpes and oral herpes is perceived very differently by the public. Genital herpes, usually caused by HSV-2, is a scourge to frighten children, while oral herpes, usually caused by HSV-1 is just a fact.

Just about everyone knows someone afflicted with cold sore, but very few people are aware that they are caused by herpes virus HSV-1. Oral herpes, IE. cold sore, is a very common infection. There are estimates that approximately one in every two Americans are infected with HSV-1 and the numbers could easily be much greater, because so many cases are asymptomatic.

Still, HSV-1 and HSV-2 is barely different whatsoever. The so that is similar, in fact, that although HSV-1 preferentially infects area foot and HSV-2 preferentially infect the genitals, they are quite capable of jumping from one site to another during oral sex. Several studies have found that in recent years, that at least half of all the first outbreak of genital herpes in fact caused by HSV-1 not HSV-2.

Why is there such a strong social stigma associated with genital herpes, but not with oral herpes? Because the Americans still feel dirty shame is associated with about their sexual activities, or gender. Herpes virus HSV-1 and HSV-2, however, Show quite clearly how arbitrary and silly, such judgments.

After all why should you be judged to have one virus instead of another, when the two do almost exactly the same?

Sources:
Gupta R, Warren T, Wald a. (2007) "Genital herpes." Lancet, 22; 370 (9605): 2127-37
Xu, f. et al. (2006) "trends in Herpes Simplex Virus Type 1 and Type 2 seroprevalence in United States," JAMA, 296: 964-973

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Flavored condoms

Flavored condoms cost not generally more than other condoms.Available at many drugstores with more options available online.Use during vaginal intercourse: read the box to see if the product is recommended for use during vaginal sex, since some flavouring substances could cause irritation. In particular, avoid putting sweetened flavored lubricants in the vagina, since they could increase the risk of a yeast infection. Oral sex is raison d of flavored condoms. When you are sure they are not just a news item (see below), go to the city.Read the box. Some of the tastes of the ingredients, can cause unpleasant problems if used for any kind of sex than oral. If the box says not to use condoms for vaginal sex, you should avoid using them to anal sex, as well as. Flavored condoms or condoms with flavored personal lubricants, often marketed as a way to improve the experience of performing safe oral sex, specifically safer blowjobs. When you buy them, however, you should be very specific, they are not sold strictly as a new item. Consider sticking well-known condom brands flavored varieties, and place a check mark in this field; There should be a Declaration on their suitability for use during the actual sex (or lack of same).

If you really want a tasty treats up to spice up your sex life, I recommend buying an assortment finally. You may find that the taste of some of the flavored condoms are more likely to make you gag than taste of plain old latex.

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Female genital mutilation

Each year more than 2 million girls and women are forced to undergo female genital mutilation (FGM). Although the specific rationale behind the practice varies from country to country and culture to culture, the ordinary basic remains the same – to deny women the possibility of having pleasurable sexual intercourse and thus cause them to reserve their sexuality with their husbands. It can also be a religious rite of initiation in the Philosoph, a way to clean a part of the ugly body, required by God, or simply a way to increase the male pleasure. FGM, also known as female genital cutting or circumcision, is practiced in more than 30 countries, mainly in a belt stretching across Africa north of the equator.

Although suggests, FGM is not necessarily increase a woman's risk for sexually transmitted diseases, it is certainly not protective. In most countries where FGM is practised, women who have undergone genital mutilation, similar rates of sexually transmitted diseases to those whose bodies remain intact. Female genital mutilation, however, women do put on an increased risk of HIV and AIDS when unsanitary surgical methods in the procedure.

Genital mutilation of women is not a uniform practice. It ranges from a symbolic cutting of genitals, total removal of the clitoris and external genitalia with stitching of the two sides of the open wound together with just enough of an opening to allow the release of artificial blood and urine. The World Health Organisation has actually developed a classification system for FGM, which divides it into categories as follows: Type in: excision of the prepuce (clitoral hood) and part or all of the clitoris; Type II: excision of the prepuce and clitoris together with partial or total excision of the labia minora; Type III: Female Circumcision. Excision of part or all of the external genitalia and stitching together cut the labour market to varying; and Type IV: pricking, piercing, incision, stretch, scraping, or other harmful procedures be performed on the clitoris, labia, or both. The actual experiences of FGM is not always in one of these categories. The extent of surgery varies between local professionals as well as between cultural groups, and their practices may include aspects of one or more types of mutilation.

It is extremely generous to refer to FGM as a surgical intervention. These mutilations carried out most of traditional Auditors without anesthesia, whatever they can find instruments – from sharp sticks and stone scissors and penknives – and devices are not generally sterilized between women. In the case of female circumcision a girl ben can be entrusted with the task of bound together in 2-6 weeks in order to promote healing of the wound. When it heals, she left is with an un-layers of Scarred skin breached between his legs with only a small opening in the bottom of the release of urine and menstrual discomfort fluid. This opening is sometimes so small that a man may be able to penetrate her with success, at which point it can be expanded with a knife or other instrument at your fingertips. Where female circumcision is a common practice, if the opening is too big after vaginal delivery or other circumstances, can actually be a woman reinfibulated to restore the original opening small size.

Circumcision is performed most often when the women are between 4 and 10 years, although it can occur as early as infancy and as late as during a first pregnancy. Depending on the extent of genital mutilation can have severe physical and psychological side effects. Accidental physical effects of FGM include uncontrolled bleeding, environmental damage caused by the urethra and bladder, urinary infection, and retention, broken bones, in the pelvis and legs from which women were restrained at the same time fighting, systemic infection, sterility and even death. Psychologically, can women show symptoms of Post traumatic stress disorder, anxiety, depression and – as intended — a fear of sexual intercourse.

World travel will be more straightforward and migration patterns change, FGM is changed from a primarily African problem one, affecting countries around the world. Western nations have generally two types of legal experience with FGM – refugees seeking asylum to escape it and migrants who are seeking legal protection to perform it. Although most countries are doing their best to respect the cultural and religious beliefs of immigrants, there is a growing consensus, FGM is an unacceptable violation of human rights. Countries increasingly decide to respect this type of cultural rite … is wrong. United States banned the practice in 1997, and several European Nations is prosecuted medical professionals to perform FGM, which has led to an interesting debate. If parents want to find a way in which their daughters can fralægges, however, that, where appropriate, send them on a holiday to their home countries have done the procedure, it would be better to allow the practice to occur in the security of a modern medical facility, which will at least reduce the risk of unintended complications and infection?

Some doctors have found that a symbolic pricking the clitoris or small clips on the genitals, is an acceptable substitute for more comprehensive FGM in some groups. Where the bloodletting is the only requirement, can a procedure performed by a doctor performed under anesthesia and rectified immediately without lasting physical or mental injury to the child. However, prohibit most Western medical society their practitioners to engage in such an unnecessary procedure on the genitals. Although the reasons for such provisions are clear, some people argued that in this case, Western morals and ethics actually get in the way of child welfare … especially as they symbolic procedures are far less extensive than male circumcision.

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HIV and marriageable age

In recent years were almost all HIV infections in U.S. children result from mother to child transmission. The epidemic, however, slowly coming under control. In 2005 there were only about 141 children born with HIV, which is less than one-tenth the number of infected babies born each year in peak years in the mid-1990s. Much of this reduction has been attributed to the early identification of HIV infection in pregnant women, so that antiretroviral therapy and other interventions during pregnancy, labour and delivery can be invoked to prevent the transmission to infants. This type of therapy, combined with the treatment of new-born babies, can reduce the risk of perinatal HIV transmission from about 25% less than 2%.

Unfortunately for treatment to be as helpful as possible, that women must be diagnosed with HIV as early as possible during pregnancy. Therefore, the current CDC guidelines recommend testing for all women during the first Prenatal visit, and then again in the third quarter. While women do not get tested during pregnancy can, however, take advantage of testing at the time of delivery. Treatment at the time of delivery has been shown to reduce HIV transmission to the infant by more than half.

A little more than a quarter of the newly-diagnosed HIV infections in the United States occurred in women in 2005, and many of these infections were the result of sexual relations with HIV positive men. In addition, 80% of the estimated 120,000 to 160,000 HIV positive women in the United States is of childbearing age, and as many as a quarter of these women might not be aware of their status. These women, who don't know their HIV status, can be the highest risk of passing the virus to their children, if they choose to become pregnant, especially if they do not receive HIV testing and treatment as part of timely prenatal care.

If you become pregnant, it is very important for you to be tested for HIV as early as possible during your prenatal care. Even if your risk of exposure is minimal, it is better to be safe than sorry. Knowing your HIV status will help with your peace of mind. More important, but if you are positive, the sooner you start treatment, the safer you can keep your future child.

In these days of highly active antiretroviral therapy (HAART) has been an HIV disease, as people are living with for decades. Many HIV positive men and women are interested in having children of their own. Although the risks of transmission during pregnancy is not removed, new treatments and technologies have made it much safer for HIV + couples to have children.

If you are part of a pair, where one or both of them are HIV-positive, and you are considering having children, it is important to see your doctor for counseling before attempting to become pregnant. Your doctor can help you to decide whether to try a natural pregnancy is right for you. And if it is, they can help you reduce the risk of transmission and/you, your partner or your future child-free. Other opportunities to form may include the use of assisted reproductive technologies or adoption, and after counseling, some couples may decide to remain child-free.

If either you or your partner is HIV-positive, it should not be on your dreams of having a family. It may, however, make the decision to treat more difficult. Therefore, it is important to begin the process with as much information as possible. If your doctor is uncomfortable debating reproductive options with you, find another who will give you the help you need. It is better to wait and do it right than to risk your future child's health more than absolutely necessary.

Sources:

HIV/AIDS basic statistics from the Centers for disease control.

Fact sheet perinatal HIV from the Centers for disease control.

Barreiro p. et al. (2006) "reproductive options for HIV-serodiscordant couple." AIDS rev 8 (3): 158-70.

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Urine test

In the bad old days, men, as trøde, they may have Chlamydia or gonorrhea were tested by having a swab is inserted in their urethra, and women had to undergo a pelvic cavities exam. Fortunately, thanks to technology, both of these can now be detected through urine Std test. Gonorrhea and Chlamydia urine samples is a heck of a lot more pleasant than urethral swabs, although some places urine test may be difficult to find.

Gold standard for diagnosing bacterial Stds such as Chlamydia and gonorrhea, is still direct testing of specimens from the cervix or urethra using bacterial culture, which is trying to grow all bacteria that may be present in the sample. Most urinary test work by looking for the bacterial DNA by using a process called however, LCR (ligase chain reaction) or other DNA amplification techniques. These types of tests are sensitive to even very small quantities of bacterial DNA and does not require a live bacterial sample.

The debate on whether urine testing is just as effective in the case of detection of Chlamydia and gonorrhea is testing of cervical and urethral swabs often focuses on women, since female infection (the cervix) most common site is not on the pathway, urine travels out of the body. Concerns about urine test effectiveness, however, appear to be fairly unjustified.

Science suggests that even though the urinary test cannot pick up quite as many cases as swab testing, it will still identify most infected persons. There is great news for people who want to be tested for gonorrhea and Chlamydia-the two most common curable Std in a less invasive way, although some other STD test still requires either physical examination or draw blood.

A 2005 study investigated 29 studies of urinary test relative efficiency compared to swab testing using three different amplification techniques (PCR, transcription-mediated amplification and strand-displacement amplification) found that:

Testing For Chlamydia trachomatis in women, was the sensitivity and specificity for 80-90 percent and 98-99 percent urine tests and 85-98% and 98-99% of cervical samples.
Testing For Chlamydia in men, were the sensitivity and specificity 84-93 percent and 93-99 percent to urine tests and 87-95 percent and 96-99% urethral samples.
Testing For gonorrhea in women, was the sensitivity and specificity for the 55-91% and 98-99 percent urine samples and 94-99 percent and 99 percent of cervical samples.
Testing For gonorrhea in men, were the sensitivity and specificity of 90 percent and 99 percent urine samples and 96 percent and 99 percent urethral samples.

In summary, although the cervical and urethral test was somewhat more effective than urine testing for Chlamydia and gonorrhea, Chlamydia and gonorrhea was urine test more than good enough in most cases.

Source:

Cook, R.L. et al. (2005) "systematic Review: Noninvasive Testing for Chlamydia trachomatis and Neisseria gonorrhoeae" Ann Intern Med. 142: 914-925.

Readers respond: Where you go to STD testing and treatment?Other gonorrhea and Chlamydia question

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Condom size

If you will put on a condom correctly, it is important to leave the room at the tip. If you fail to do this, you will increase the chance of a breach of the ejaculation (or when you try to put it on something very large) (c) 2009 Elizabeth r. Boskey licensed to About.com, Inc. one of the least talked about the characteristics that you would like to choose a condom may be size. Just as not every man is built the same, nor is it all a condom. Too small, and condom could be unpleasant. Too large, and a condom could slip out. The second is actually much more a problem than the first, because condoms are very elastic-I used to do a demo which involved pulling a over a combat boot. Still most men will be much happier, the use of condoms, which is well suited, and light to, condoms come in a variety of sizes.

If a good tranquil man has some use a condom, is due to the discomfort often discomfort by the relatively less elastic. Several brands of condom make condoms where the main body width is the same as their standard a condom, but the size of the header is increased-in the table below are usually condoms with two diameter measurements. This design can be useful because it is usually the leader of the condom, which is close to a man, while the body is elastic enough to accommodate men of almost any size. Keep the body less than head reduces the risk of condom runners, especially when they are used by men who only need larger condoms to fit their uncertainty.

Try to find a condom you suffer? It may require some experimentation to find the one that will work best for you, especially since all condom brand has its own definition of "regular" and "great." Try to visit a sex toy shop, where you can buy single condoms or condom assortments so you have a number of elements to play with. Oh, and if you do not have confidence in the installation package description. One condom brand "XL" condoms can be of the same size as a regular second mark.

Note: this table is updated with data from other producers, as it becomes available.

Sources:
Durex Counseling Card (access to 4/5/09 from http://www.durexchange.com/pdfs/professional/counselling_card.pdf-link now gone)
Kimono condom Dimensions (accessed 4/5/09)
Lifestyle ordering page (accessed 4/6/09)
Personal message from lifestyle

Elite extra secure, Featherlite, Performa, Select variants, TingleStraight, flared/Baggy, plated, inner, FlaredMicroThin (Ultra/Ultra thin lubricated), thin, textured

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When herpes test effective

Although most are symptomatic with genital herpes starts showing symptoms within two weeks after exposure to the virus, the vast majority of people with herpes never have symptoms at all. It does not mean that they still can't transfer the genital herpes virus.

Although the herpes test is not perfect, they are often the only way to know if you are infected. The problem is that many herpes blood tests look for antibodies against virus-and those are not produced right away. The question is this: How long should you wait before you can be reasonably certain a genital herpes blood test to be effective?

Reply: In the presence of symptoms, it is easy for a doctor to diagnose a herpes infection-by simply studying the outbreak or swabbing wounds for herpes virus. In order to determine whether a person is sub-clinically infected-in other words, if they have an infection, but no significant symptoms-must, however, doctors do a blood test.

Blood tests for HSV-2 usually causes genital herpes virus generally look for the presence of antibodies against the virus rather than the virus itself. Unfortunately, it takes some time for the body to mount a detectable antibody response after infection. There is, therefore, you simply can't go get tested the day after, you've been exposed to genital herpes to find out if you have the disease, even if you were infected, at this point, there is no way for the testwho intercepts it. So, how long it will take a genital herpes blood test must be positive after exposure? The answer is that it depends on the test.

Various studies have examined how long it takes from when genital herpes symptoms show up to when an individual test positive on a blood test for HSV-2. As it turns out, vary greatly, both between the examinations and tests. For example, the median time from symptoms of a positive HSV-2 blood test was: HerpeSelect ELISA 21 days for individuals who have HSV-1 negative and for people who were HSV-1 23 days in a positive way. (Ashley-Morrow et al. 2003) Western blot-40 days to people who were HSV-1 negative and for those who were HSV-1 47 days positive. (Ashley-Morrow et al. 2003) Western blot-68 days. (Morrow et al. 2003) Kalon ELISA-120 days. (Morrow al. 2003) Focus ELISA 21 days. (Morrow al. 2003)

In other words, since it generally takes about 2 weeks for symptoms to appear, it is probably a good idea to wait at least a month or two before even considering getting an HSV-2 test after a potential exposure--and you might consider retested after six months. Keep in mind that you only in relation to the median times and that they were very variable. Some infected will seroconvert quickly, while others will take even longer, before a herpes blood test accurately displays them in a positive way.

Note: there is no practical way for researchers to directly answer the question of how long it takes for a positive test to appear in asymptomatic people, because you would have to know that they had been infected and when they had become infected. If a person is asymptomatic, is neither information--because there is no way to tell the infected until they test positive. It is assumed that the course of time to a positive genital herpes blood test match, set in symptomatic individuals, although this assumption is difficult to verify since most asymptomatic individuals for last test positive do not know exactly when they were exposed.

Sources:

Ashley-Morrow R, Krantz E, Wald a. time course of seroconversion by HerpeSelect ELISA after acquisition of genital herpes simplex virus type 1 (HSV-1), or HSV-2. Sex Transm DIS. 2003 Apr; 30 (4): 310-4.

Morrow RA, Friedrich D, Krantz E. focus and Kalon enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays for antibodies against herpes simplex virus type 2 glycoprotein g in culture-documented cases of genital herpes performance. J Clin Microbiol. 2003 Nov; 41 (11): 5212-4.

CDC Genital Herpes fact sheet.

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Vaginal discharge

It is normal for women to have some amount of vaginal discharge. The vagina is a self-cleaning organ. It produces MUCUS and other secretions, vaginal fluid and that eventually should go somewhere--such as beyond on your underpants as discharge.

It is also normal for the amount and consistency of vaginal discharge a woman to change her entire menstrual cycle genes. Actually monitoring the consistency of cervical MUCUS, a type of fertility awareness method, which allows women to time intercourse so that it is most likely to get them pregnant.

But not all vaginal discharge is normal. Vaginal discharge that is accompanied by a strong vaginal smell, for example, can be a sign of other types of bovis or an STD infection. If you experience an extraordinary change in your vaginal discharge odour, thickness or amount, it may be worth visiting your gynecologist to be screened for Stds and other vaginal infections.

Yeast infections
Yeast infections are one of the most common causes of vaginal discharge. More often than not discharge associated with a yeast infection is white and clumpy kind of like the ricotta cheese, but it can vary in color and texture, all the way to the yellow and on an ongoing basis.

Far more meaningful things about a yeast infection is vaginal discharge odour--trend towards, but not always, yeasty smell like beer or bread. It is also often accompanied by intense vaginal itching or burning.

Bacterial vaginosis (BV)
As with yeast infections, it is the vaginal discharge odour, which is the important clue to diagnose bacterial vaginosis. Bacterial vaginosis is associated with a strong fishy odor, which can be very pungent after sex.

Vaginal discharge associated with bacterial vaginosis have a tendency to be very current, and it can also be accompanied by vaginal itching and burning during urination.

Trichomoniasis
Trichomoniasis is one of the few sexually transmitted diseases, which causes no symptoms more often in men than women (asymptomatic).

In women causing this parasitic infections is usually a strong-smelling discharge, frothy, which vary in color from green to grey-yellow coloration. It can also cause discomfort during sex, vaginal itching, and other related symptoms.

Chlamydia
Even though Chlamydia is almost always asymptomatic in women, it can cause vaginal discharge. Discharge associated with a Chlamydia infection often do not have a particularly strong smell.

Women with chlamydia can also experience the burning during urination and nondescript lower abdominal pain.

Gonorrhea
As with Chlamydia, most cases of gonorrhea in women are asymptomatic. However, it can cause vaginal discharge, as well as burning during urination and pelvic hollow pain.

Vaginal discharge odour with gonorrhea are usually minimal, and neither the Chlamydia or gonorrhea can be diagnosed via discharge alone.

Sources:

CDC Factsheet on bacterial vaginosis access to 5/9/07.

CDC Factsheet on gonorrhea. Access to 12/24/09.

CDC fact sheet on Chamydia. Access to 12/24/09.

Abbott j. clinical and microscopic diagnosis of vaginal yeast infection: a prospective analysis. Ann Emerg Med. 1995 may; 25 (5): 587-91

Bornstein J, Lakovsky Y, Avalanche in, Bar-Am (A), Abramovici h. the classic approach to diagnosis of should: a critical analysis. Infect Dis 2001; Gynecol Obstet.. 9 (2): 105-11.

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Living with Herpes

There are some conversations, change your life. If a doctor has ever been diagnosed with genital herpes, do you remember that conversation as one of them Female Genital herpes. is a scary diagnosis for many people. Society may have exposed them to the messages suggest that people with herpes is dirty or something incomplete. Genital herpes is, however, simply a disease like any other--a disease, in fact, that affect approximately one in five Americans.

The first thing you should do when you have received a diagnosis of genital herpes is sit and take a breath. Do some research and Learn everything you can about the disease. You were probably diagnosed because you are experiencing an outbreak. Although it may have been a frightening and painful, no reason to panic. When you've had an outbreak, you probably have more in the next year. Over time, but becomes your outbreaks less often. There is a medication that you can take to alleviate your symptoms, reduce the frequency of outbreaks, lower amount of virus in the system and make it less likely that you will pass the virus to another.

If you were diagnosed with genital herpes because your current or previous sexual partner told you that you may have been exposed to the virus, it is possible that you will never have a significant outbreak. The vast majority of people with genital herpes have asymptomatic infections. If you do not have a symptomatic outbreaks within one month after you originally infected, you can never experience genital symptoms. However, this does not mean you can ignore your infection. Genital herpes can be transmitted even in the absence of symptoms, something which you should realise, since there was probably how you became infected with the disease.

When you are first diagnosed with genital herpes, you can find someone to blame. Try not to. Since most people with herpes has no symptoms, your partner may not have known that he or she puts you on the game. If however, you are in a relationship with a person who knew that he or she was infected with the virus herpes and lied to you about it, you might consider whether or not they are a person, you can count on.

Before you judge your partners, however, evaluate your own activities. Were you responsible for STD test? You always practice safer sex, when it was appropriate? Did you detect any sexual health issues before you had sex with each new partner and ask for his or her own history? It is unfair to keep other standards you can defend yourself.

Tell your partner you have genital herpes can be one of the most difficult things about being diagnosed with the disease. Regardless of whether you have been together in years, or you just starts the conversation will be difficult--but it is one you must have. Start by becoming familiar with the information itself. Know how herpes is transmitted, and how you can reduce the risk of giving it to your partner. If you've been together for some time, recommend that your partner is tested for the virus. If you are starting a new relationship, is testing is still a good idea.

Because condoms are not 100% protective against herpes, there is always a possibility that you will pass the disease on your sexual partners. Consistent user male or female condoms and other obstacles for all sexual contact, including oral, anal, vaginal and manual sex, sharply reduce the risk of transmission. So will take suppressive therapy, which lowers the amount of virus in the system. Both you and your partner must, however, remember, you can transfer a virus, even if you don't have any symptoms.

Herpes does not need to be the end of your sex life. Although safe sex techniques is not 100% effective, consistent use of condoms and other obstacles, and avoiding sex during the outbreak, will greatly reduce the likelihood that you will infect your partner. You must also avoid sex when you feel itchy or sleeping under your skin, or other symptoms that suggest herpes wound will soon appear (the prod period before the outbreak of the romal.)

It is important to know that herpes can be transmitted through oral sex. Cold sore, which is oral herpes, can be transferred to the genitals and vice versa. Also have oral herpes does not protect you get genital herpes, and it can be even more contagious than its counterpart.

Dating with herpes can be stressful. It can be more difficult to find new partners. But when you're open and honest about the status of your infection, there will continue to be people who want to take the risk you enough. There are also dating services specifically for persons who have been diagnosed with herpes and other Stds. Remember, one in five adults is infected with the herpes virus. Herpes dating, and find someone to love, must not be nearly as difficult as you think. Even if you have both been diagnosed with genital herpes, however, it is still wise to practice safer sex.

You can be increased by HIV and a higher risk of transmitting HIV, you have the herpes--another reason to use barrier protection. Herpes is still not a disease that will affect most areas of your life. Outside the sexuality is the most important aspect of your life, that herpes can cause problems with the baby bears. Because herpes infections can be extremely dangerous for babies with herpes, that women speak with their schemes on how to minimise the risk of their future children. The greatest risk of transmission to the infant occurs in women who become infected with the virus herpes during pregnancy, so we should be especially careful with new sexual partners during this period.

There are support groups for people with herpes in many cities. There are also online support groups on various sites, including living with Std forum here on About.com gender diseases site.

Sources:

CDC Herpes fact sheet

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Syphilis: an overview

Sex has drive people mad.

Not in General of course. Most of the time sex just makes people feel good or to help them create the next generation. In certain specific cases, infections acquired through sex can actually cause damage in the brain. An example of this is what happens when a person who suffers from an untreated cases of syphilis.

Syphilis is spread through direct contact with a sore, usually during oral, vaginal or anal sex syphilis. It can also be transmitted from mother to child during pregnancy. In the early stages it is only displayed as a painless disease. If left untreated, it can go to cause disease in other bodies, including the central nervous system (neurosyphilis). Neurosyphilis may cause no symptoms, or it can cause blindness, personality changes, dementia, or even death. Some historians have attributed to the madness of men as Hitler syphilis, although there has been very little information to support such theories.

Syphilis is considered to be a genital ulcer disease. Chancres, or wounds, are the first symptoms of syphilis provides an easy route enters into the body of the other virus, especially HIV. Genital ulcer diseases put a person at an increased risk of HIV/AIDS, and it is extremely important to you, and your sexual partners should be treated by syphilis, if you have been exposed to the disease. Although the whole of the 1990s, rates of syphilis had been declining, many cities in recent years have seen a dramatic increase in the number of cases.

Syphilis is one of the better known sexually transmitted diseases. You can even say that the infamous. One of the largest scientific scandals of the century stemmed from an investigation of this sexually transmitted disease, and it has influenced the way research has been done ever since.

Sources:

Factsheet CDC syphilis. Access to 5/28/07

U.s. Public Health Service syphilis study at Tuskegee access to 5/28/07

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Human papillomavirus Virus (HPV)

One of the most amazing scientific videnbegær in the last 50 years was that cancer can be an infectious disease--specifically, a caused by human papillomavirus or HPV. There are more than 100 types of HPV, at least 30 as spread by sexual contact. HPV has been associated with certain types of skin cancer, as well as:

HPV is a very common virus. More than 50 percent of sexually active adults are believed to be infected with at least one strain of the virus, and up to 80 percent of sexually active women will have been exposed to the virus when they turn 50.

Most people with HPV will never have any symptoms. Others will have one or more outbreaks of genital Warts, experience pre-cancerous cervical changes or even develop one or more of the HPV-related cancers. Because so many people who are infected will never have problems with virus, doctors are not generally screen for HPV.

Just know you has tested positive for a strain of HPV virus does not mean definitively gives you cancer or genital Warts, it means just what you've been exposed to the virus, and is in danger. In fact, research has shown that the majority of infected persons will clear the infection within 2 years on their own.

Before in the mid-1980s, was that people could upload cancer each other considered ridiculous by most people in the field of medical research. But as the evidence stacked and research techniques began to improve, people slowly became convinced.

It is now widely recognised that HPV causes an estimated 99 percent of cervical cancers. In early 2007 published a prestigious medical journal a paper suggesting that HPV will also be responsible for increases in the mouth and throat cancers. The main causes of these cancers smoking history and use of oral tobacco.

Cervical cancer was once the leading cause of cancer-related deaths among women in the United States although the number of American women dieing from disease decrease makes an increases in regular Pap smears, it is still the fifth leading cause of cancer-related deaths among women worldwide.

No woman should ever die of cervical cancer. Regular Pap smears can detect HPV-induced changes in the cervix early, when they are still highly processed. But there are women who do not get tested regularly. This is especially a problem among women in low-resource countries and low-income countries, local communities and among women who have passed their child-bearing years. One of the most important motivators for women to go to a gynecologist is the need for birth control pills and many stop looking for regular preventive health care, when they no longer need their prescription. HPV can lie dormant for many years before causing malignant changes in the cervix. It is important that women continue to have regular Pap smears throughout their lifetime.

Scientists are increasingly focused on preventing HPV. HPV is spread by oral sex, vaginal sex and anal sex as well as by skin to skin contact with infected areas. Because viruses spread from skin to skin, not only through the body fluid, it is possible to transmit viruses, even when the condom is used. Condoms do, however, reduce the risk of transmission. High prevalence of the virus, combined with the fact that condoms do not provide complete protection, has prompted scientists to research alternative methods for prevention. One of the roads, they examine is vaccines.

Several vaccines to the most common cancer and genital Wart-causing HPV strains are in development or already on the market. However, because HPV is a sexually transmitted virus, is the discussion about these vaccines have often been a political rather than a scientific debate. Vaccines are most effective, before a person has been exposed to the virus, but many parents and politicians are resistant to the idea of to vaccinate young girls to a sexually transmitted disease for fear that it may encourage them to have unprotected sex.

A far greater concern for most, however, is that women who have received vaccine that can keep seeking regular Pap smears. These vaccines protect only against the most common HPV virus strains, and they protect not woman, who has already been exposed to HPV. Therefore, women are still necessary to follow the recommendations for regular Pap smears--just becomes less likely that they will have a positive test.

Sources:

Neilson, C.M. et al. "Consistent condom use is associated with a lower prevalence of Human Papillomavirus Infection in men "Journal of infectious diseases 2010; 202: 445-451

Factsheet CDC HPV access to 14/6/07

The World Health organisation Cancer Factsheet access to 14/6/07

Wright JD, Herzog TJ. "Human papillomavirus: new trends in the registration and management. Women's health "Curr Rép 2002 Aug; 2 (4): 259-65.

Trust MH. "A brief summary of human papillomaviruses in cervical carcinogenesis studies can generally role." Am J Gynecol Obstet.. 1996 OCT; 175 (4 Pt 2): 1091-8.

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Contact tracking

Contact tracking or partner notification, is a technique used by Governments to try to limit the spread of diseases. When a person is diagnosed with a disease, such as a trackable STD, is he asked for the names of people he might have received from or given it to. For Std, this is usually a person, whom they have had sex with since their last negative. After the list of possible contacts are acquired, try public health officials to come into contact with the regional partners and to bring he or them in for examination and treatment.

The goal of partner notification is to find and deal with any person, as the original case may have infected, before he can pass the disease on the other. Contact tracking is especially useful for sexually transmitted diseases, since they are so difficult to disperse. In theory to curable diseases such as Chlamydia and gonorrhea could contact tracing eliminate diseases entirely. In practice, it is unfortunately not nearly as effective. People are often reluctant to divulge their sexual partners. Even when they pass their names reached them can be difficult. And when granted, some people may refuse testing and treatment. Since many Std remains asymptomatic in years, it is also often impossible to get a comprehensive list of possible contacts, even when a person is being cooperative.

Partner notification laws vary from State to State and disease by disease. Even if partner notification is done by public health professionals in most areas, individuals with Std is usually also called on to speak with their partners themselves. As technology improved, developed constant new tools for partner notification. In recent years, these tools have included not only testing and treatment during the outreach work in the field, but the novel uses the Internet as contact persons using screen names and emails rather than real names, and phone. Some jurisdictions also offer presumptive treatment for current sexual partners who are not willing to come for testing. In these cases, the person who has been diagnosed with the disease given medicine to their partner or partners, without entering for an exam. While not ideal, presumptive treatment is used to reach potential disease carriers, which would otherwise be outside the scope of traditional treatment methods.

Sources:

Hogben M (2007) "Partner notification for sexually transmitted diseases." Clin infect DIS. 44 (Suppl 3): S160-74.

Lawrence, et al. (2002) ", STD Screening, Testing, case reporting and clinical and Partner notification practices: a National Survey of us Physicians" AJPH 92 (11): 1784-1788.

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N-9 increases STD risk

Many people believe that if a little spermicide is good, than many of spermicide is bound to be better. But that theory is bound to backfire, because many spermicides, when used in excess, can actually increase the risk of getting or giving to a sexually transmitted disease (STD).

A spermicide is connections are used to kill sperm. Spermicides are used in many contraceptive methods, and they come in several forms. Contraceptive foams, creams, suppositories and film all contain spermicides and spermicides is also necessary for membranes and cervical caps should be effective. Most spermicides currently available in the United States contains nonoxynol-9 (N-9), which is also spermicide today sponge. Other spermicides and spermicidal microbicides are currently under development, and many are designed to avoid the problems currently seen with N-9 use. Nonoxynol-9 is basically a type of detergent. It disrupts the plasma membranes (outer barrier) of the sperm and other cells in the laboratory and has proved to be quite effective at killing many STD pathogens including HIV, herpes, Chlamydia and gonorrhea. Other commercial spermicides containing oxtoxynol-9 is also detergents and has similar properties to nonoxynol-9. When used in high doses, or when used often, causing the N-9 two types of damage on the vaginal epithelium (layers of epidermal cells.) It causes inflammation of the vagina and cervix, and it can actually kill the layers of cells. Both of these actions render a woman more susceptible to infections by various sexually transmitted diseases. They can also make it easier for her to transfer to his partner Std.

Regular use of N-9 can increase a person the risk of HIV, herpes and other sexually transmitted diseases. It may not itself requires frequent use for problems to be seen. At least one study in mice has shown that only a single vaginal dose N-9 can increase susceptibility to herpes infection. Consider using non-lubricated condoms with your own N-9-free lubricant or non-spermicidal condoms, especially if you have sexual intercourse more than once or twice a day. Talk to your doctor about possible alternative forms of contraception, if you use a diaphragm, cervical cap or today sponge, and you are at risk for sexually transmitted infections.

Sources:
Hillier s. et al. "In Vitro and In Vivo: the story of Nonoxynol-9." 2005. JAIDS: 39 (1): 1-8.
Gupta, g. "Microbicidal spermicide or spermicidal microbicide?" 2005. Eur J Contr Repro health care: 10 (4): 212-218.
Cone, r.a. et al. "Vaginal Microbicides: detection of toxicity in vivo which paradoxically increases the pathogen transmission" 2006. BMC infectious diseases: 6: 90

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Married Std not always Cheati

It is always stressful to know that you have a sexually transmitted disease, but to find out that you have an STD, when you are married or in a long-term committed relationships can be particularly devastating. Not only do you have to deal with the diagnosis, you must face the fact that your partner could have an affair and take the consequences of infidelity. The only is not that sometimes an unfaithful spouse is the issue at all.

Generally, unless you have been trustworthy about your std screening and talk to your partner about testing it may be difficult to know who you are infected with an std, or when. Even if you had undergone regular screening, if you were infected while having sex with a partner, who had not tested in years, there is always the possibility that they were infected asymptomatically long before you got together and just knew it. even when you have sex with a personwho is infected with an std, you get not necessarily infected for the first time you sleep together. Especially if you practice periodic safe sex, it could take months or even years.

The problem often come when a person has a first herpes outbreak years in a marriage. Their first assumption is usually that they have an unfaithful spouse, and that may be true, but it is also possible that they had been infected this year but not aware of it--until something changed in their body, which caused them to have their first noticeable symptoms. In the same way, when a married woman is diagnosed with ' pelvic inflammatory disease, she often believes that her husband should have been given regardless of disease causing it from the "other woman" when she was, unless properly screened, it is also possible that she had been carrying around an infectionbefore they even met.

So what should you do if you find out if you have an std while you are in a long-term relationship with a committed partner? The first and most important is to ask your partner to get tested so that both of you can find treatment. If your partner is also infected with the same std and therefore a possible source, you need to sit down and talk. The truth is that unless both of you were tested before you had sex, it can be difficult to know who was infected first, and when that infection has occurred. But for the most part, the presence of symptoms point to a relatively recent infection, some are times for exceptions. If your partner insists that they do not have an affair, and that there was no other woman or man, so you must use your heart and your instincts in order to decide how you want to move forward into the future.

Remember, however, if you want to live with your partner but not complete confidence in them, that safe sex is always an option. It is certainly not a bad idea. Condoms may not be infallible, but using them can give you some peace of mind.

Although there is sometimes a perception of American culture, to condoms is something you "get past" When your relationship progresses far enough, there is actually no reason to be true. Many married couples use condoms in their marriage, contraception and disease protection, life without ever to think them as something that eventually they will have to ignore. Unless you do this, for the most part, condom use is not as big a deal.

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Virginity STD

Winter early 2010 are exchanged in a series of emails with a young woman who was flabbergasted to learn that she had an STD, even if she was still a Virgin. I had to tell her when people define virginity as a State of not having had vaginal intercourse, it is still possible for a Virgin to be exposed to an arbitrary number of Std through other sexual activities--including outercourse, oral, and anal sex.

Reply:

Teenagers can experment with oral sex and outercourse as a way to be sexual with their partners to maintain their innocence and avoid exposure to risk of pregnancy. They can also simply enjoy these activities as relatively low-risk ways to explore their sexuality--even within an established sexual relations. It is thus important for teens (and adults!) to understand, although these types of sex is relatively safe, they are not entirely without risk.

Dry humping, and other forms of body rubbing can disclose diseases that spread by skin-to-contact with the skin, such as herpes and genital Warts and oral sex can also transmit these diseases, as well as those that spread through bodily fluids.

Become aware of the risk of various forms of sexual expression, even smaller ones, can help people make informed decisions about their sexual lives. Before having sex, or even double with a person, it is always a good idea to talk about past sexual experiences and exposures. Testing can also be a good choice, and people can also practice safe oral sex to reduce its risks or use barriers to make dry humping safer.

To preserve your virginity, if you define that avoid vaginal sexual intercourse, is a relatively efficient method to avoid pregnancy--and possibly circumvent parental leave or religious motion of censure. But if you engage in other sexual activities, you can still be exposed to other sexual risks, whether you are still, technically, of Norway.

Note: the widespread lack of understanding of these topics can be partially attributed to the many sex education programmes focusing on virginity instead of comprehensive sex education. These programs can allow young people not only unaware of the risks and pleasures in sexual activities than vaginal sexual intercourse, but without the necessary to make good decisions about sex tools and otherwise stays safe.

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Bacterial vaginosis

Bacterial vaginosis (BV) cannot be a sexually transmitted disease, but it is often confused with a. Why? In order to understand bacterial vaginosis, it is important to understand the natural flora of the vagina.

The vagina is actually an ecosystem that contains numerous species of bacteria. In a healthy women are these bacteria mainly lactobacilli. Lactobacilli are known as commensals or useful bacteria, because they produce lactic acid and Peroxide. These by-products of their normal metabolism contribute to keeping the vagina at a slightly acidic pH of around 4, which protects against infection. Most STD bacteria is actually killed at pH 4, as is semen.

When a woman has BV, shall be replaced by lactobacilli with a mixture of other bacteria, including different types of gardnerella, mobiluncus, bacteroides, and mycoplasma. These bacteria produce lactic acid, and not so vaginal pH rises above 4.5. They do, however, cause other problems, which brings us to the next question ...

It is not so much a question of what bacterial vaginosis appears as what smell bacterial vaginosis like to. Women with vaginal discharge with BV is normally a fishy odor. This smell is more pronounced after unprotected sex, because the connections that cause odor smell more strongly at higher pH. When sperm enters the vagina, raises the pH to almost 7 in a period of several hours. Therefore, many people think BV is caused by semen

Other symptoms of bacterial vaginosis include discharge, itching, and sometimes pain during urination.

Cause of BV is bad understoood. Although researchers still do not understand why some women are susceptible to recurrent infections, BV is available from several groups of women, which has been shown to have increased the risk of BV. These include: women as shower women with a new sex partner or multiple sex partners, women who use IUDs as their primary form of contraception

BV is a minor health condition, which can have serious consequences. It increases a woman's susceptibility to HIV and other sexually transmitted diseases. It can also affect the outcome of a pregnancy. If you have symptoms of BV, speak with your doctor, especially if you have thought a pregnancy or practice unprotected sex. Sources:

Boskey ER and cone RA, Whaley KJ Moench translated origins of vaginal acidity: high D/L lactate conditions are in accordance with the bacteria is the primary source. Hum Reprod. 2001 Aug; 16 (9): 1809-13.

CDC Factsheet on bacterial vaginosis access to 5/9/07.

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Sex with a Virgin

You can get an STD from having sex with a Virgin. Although it is a Virgin first time during vaginal intercourse, this does not mean that they have never been exposed to an STD. many individuals consider themselves are virgins, although they have had oral sex and anal sex — both of which are risk factors for acquiring an STD. it is in fact one of the most important problems with virginity pledgesand that is why they are not a particularly useful tool in a sex educator arsenal.

Even if a person has never had any sexual contact, it is possible that they may have been exposed to an STD. many individuals acquire oral herpes through casual affection with their family members. Other people exposed to their mothers ' Std during pregnancy or childbirth. It is also possible to become infected with diseases such as HIV, through nonsexual risk behaviors, such as injecting drug abuse.

Although the relative sexual experience makes it less likely that a person will have an STD, do not assume that just because someone says they are a Virgin that you do not run a risk. It is still important to practice safe sex, if no other reason than it is a good habit to save lives. In addition, determine what with your partner at stake? Contrary to some popular myths people can get pregnant the first time they have sex and sleeping with a Virgin will not cure your HIV or other Std.

When it comes to sex, it is better to be safe than sorry.

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How to run the risk of Std increase HIV?

Questions: How to run the risk of STD infection increase HIV?

Reply: Numerous Std is not only dangerous in and of itself; they are actually increases the risk of becoming infected with other Std, including HIV. HIV-positive people with Std is also more infectious — they are three to five times more likely than individuals without Std transfer HIV during sexual activity.

Std risk increase a person with the acquisition of HIV in one of two ways. They can cause lesions on the skin, makes it easier for HIV to enter the body. Std that increase HIV risk in this way include: they can cause inflammation, which is triggered by the immune system. Since HIV prefer to infect the immune cells, any diseases that cause an increase in these cells also make it easier for a person to be infected with HIV. Std that increase HIV risk in this way include: of course, many Std increase a personal susceptibility to HIV on both ways. It is therefore extremely important for anyone who has an STD treated. It can help to protect their long-term health. As can be, not surprisingly, practicing safer sex. Reliably and correctly, using condoms for all sexual activity greatly the risk a person with the acquisition of HIV. It is extremely important for people with Std treated. However, before a person can be treated, they are first diagnosed. Regular screening is essential. Most sexually transmitted diseases are symptom free. With no symptoms, the only way to ensure a timely diagnostic screening. Otherwise, an infection leaves under the radar for many years. Therefore, it is not enough to go to STD test when you have symptoms. Every sexually active adults should consider item being screened for Stds regularly. This reduces not only HIV risk, it also lowers the risk of STD-related infertility, a problem that not only affects women.

Sources
CDC HIV FAQ: "is there a connection between HIV and other sexually transmitted diseases?" Access to 11-18-07

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Trichomoniasis

This picture of trichomoniasis shows numerous Trichomonas protozoa around two cells from the vagina walls. Protozoa are recognizable by their round shape and several "tails". Photo courtesy of public health information library and the CDC

Trichomoniasis is a parasitic STD caused by a single single celled organisms known as Trichomonas vaginalis. It is a curable STD, but it is still very common. It is actually the most common curable STD in young women. CDC estimates that there are more than 7 million new cases each year.

Trichomoniasis affects both men and women. In women, causes a vaginal infection is known as bovis. In the urethra, the tube will infect men inside the penis which carries semen and urine. Although men can only contract trichomoniasis from women, women can get the disease from both men and other women with whom they have sexual contact.

Most men with trichomoniasis do not have any symptoms. When they do their symptoms are generally mild and include: discomfort in penis pain on urination/ejaculation discharge

Symptoms in women are usually more severe than those seen in men, and generally occur within 1-4 weeks after the first infection. They include: Frothy, colored discharge vaginal smell strong pain at intercourse/urination Irritation and itching in the vagina and the surrounding area.

In order to detect trichomoniasis, doctors take a swab the vagina or urethra and then look at it under a microscope. This process is called a wet mount, and can also be used to detect yeast infections and bacterial vaginosis. Because not all women with trichomoniasis will have visible organisms on a wet mount, can doctors also culture vaginal secretions in a specific medium.

Trichomoniasis can also cause irritation of the cervix, which can be spotted by a doctor makes a gynecological exam.

Trichomoniasis treatment generally with an oral single dose of the supplier. Women can recognize this as one of the drug, which is also used to treat bacterial vaginosis.

It is important that your sexual partners in trichomoniasis is processed at the same time you are, and that you refrain from unprotected sex until your symptoms are gone, otherwise you would just transmit disease and back.

Condoms have been shown to reduce the risk of infection from trichomoniasis and should be used consistently, if either partner is infectious.

Women who have sex with women should consider using an obstacle in the vulva to the vulva contact, and must also be aware that the parasite can be transmitted by both fingers and sex toys. Appropriate use of condoms and gloves may make transmission between women less likely.

If you have trichomoniasis you are more susceptible to infection by HIV, which causes AIDS. If you are an HIV positive woman, trichomoniasis makes it more likely that you will pass HIV to your sexual partners.

Trichomoniasis can also have a negative influence on the outcome of a pregnancy. Pregnant women infected with the parasite are more likely to have a pre-term birth. They are also more likely to feed a low birth weight baby.

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How long should I wait to STD test?

Probably around half of the emails I receive can be summarized as to ask the following question: I had an unsafe sexual encounter, how long should I wait before I go to STD test?

There are variations, of course-some people cheat on their partners and want to know if they have to say something, others regret a meeting with a sex worker-but the basic question remains the same:

If I've been a victim of an STD, how long do I have to wait before I know any infection, will be discovered by an STD test?

Answer:

Unfortunately, the issue of getting an STD test is not easy to answer. Start with STD testing is not perfect-although you theoretically have waited long enough for a test to work, you could still end up with a false positive or false negative. Then you must take into account the fact that not all STD test functions in the same way. Some tests look directly for the presence of a pathogen, while others look after your body immune response to infection.

In theory, should try to look directly for the pathogen to be positive is faster because the pathogens are there from the beginning of the infection, but they often require samples taken from an infected place to work. New tools have allowed doctors to use urine test for Chlamydia and gonorrhea, but other infections, such as HPV can be more difficult to detect without the presence of an obvious wound or lesion.

On the other hand, blood tests to look for antibodies does not require a doctor to know where the test, but it takes time to turn positive. This is because your body immune system must first respond to infection, and then produce detectable quantities of antibodies. Different types of antibodies peak at different times after infection. This fact can be used to determine how long you have been infected with an STD in some cases, but the delayed reaction also affects how long it takes for a test will be reasonably predictive infection.

Who can answer, how long it would take no definitive test positive or negative on a STD test after a risky sexual encounter would require to know a number of things including: what Std person, who had been exposed. What tests were used to detect infection. There are also a number of other, more nebulous factors, which can play a role, make it impossible to give a definitive answer on how long they should wait to go get a test. It is a difficult issue from a research point of view-how to ethically and practically exposes a person to an STD and repeatedly then test them to determine how long it takes for them to test positive? Because of this, there is little no rigid data about how long after an exposure people should wait to get tested for many Std.

Common practice suggests that people could go to basic investigation for bacterial Std as soon as 2 to 3 weeks after exposure-previously if the symptoms-but that they would need to be retested again at least three to six months out to feel relatively certain of their results. Some tests for Chlamydia and gonorrhea would be reasonably accurate a month, but tests for other diseases such as herpes and HIV take longer to be crucial.

Other question people often ask-are explicitly or not-in these e-mails ", I have to tell current/future partners that I may have been exposed to an STD?" This question can be changed often of "what if we only had oral sex?" or "what if it is not long?", but my answer is usually the same.

These are discussions, all of which should have before they have sex. Most people come not to engage in sexual relationships completely inexperienced, and so talking about testing and safe sex not only appropriate but smart. If nothing else, if you can't bring you to the discussion, it is always a good idea to practice safe sex until you are reasonably certain of your test results. Condoms may not be perfect, but they are far better than doing nothing at all.

The issue of the publication is certainly more complicated for persons who have been unfaithful to current partner, but I believe that more people would be willing to forgive an adultery, not inadvertently expose them to Std than, as did. At least if someone betrays an adultery, they give your partner a chance to minimize their emotional and physical risks.

Although people have probably used it as a tool for manipulation, infect a person with an STD is not a healthy way to do partner bo with you or to persuade them to overlook an adultery. Fortunately, when most people get over the initial shock and the stigma of a STD diagnosis, they realise that the fear is not love. Dating with Std can not always easy--but it is better than staying with a partner that is emotional or physical abuse.

Sources:
Boiler (H), Cay S, Brown A, Glasier a. Screening for Chlamydia trachomatis infection is indicated for women under 30 are using emergency contraception. Contraception. 2002 OCT; 66 (4): 251-3.

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What you should know about HIV diagnosis, treatment and prevention

HIV (human immunodeficiency virus) is a virus that the immune system, the body's natural defense system attacks. Without a strong immune system the body has trouble fighting off disease. Both the virus if the infection caused HIV.

White blood cells are an important part of the immune system. HIV and certain white blood cells called CD4 + cells destroys. If too many CD4 + cells are destroyed, the body itself can no longer defend against infection.

The last stage of HIV infection is AIDS (acquired immunodeficiency syndrome). People with AIDS have a low number of CD4 + cells and get infections or cancer that rarely occur in healthy people. This can be deadly.

But with HIV does not mean that you have AIDS. Even without treatment, it takes a long time for HIV AIDS progress – usually 10 to 12 years. HIV is diagnosed before it is AIDS, medicines can slow down or stop the damage to the immune system. With treatment, many people with HIV to long and active life.

HIV infection is caused by the human immunodeficiency virus. You can get HIV by contact with infected blood, semen or vaginal fluids.

Most people get by having unprotected sex with someone who has HIV is the virus.Another common way to get the virus is by sharing drug needles with someone who is infected with HIV.The virus can also be passed from a mother to her baby during pregnancy, birth and breastfeeding.

HIV does not survive well outside the body. So it may not be spread by casual contact such as kissing or sharing drinking glasses with an infected person.

HIV can no symptoms early on. people who have symptoms they can error for the flu or mono. Common early symptoms are:

Fever. Sore throat.Headache. muscle aches and pains in the joints.Swollen glands (swollen lymph nodes).Skin Rash.

Symptoms may appear from a few days to several weeks after a person first is infected. The early symptoms usually disappear within 2 to 3 weeks.

After the early symptoms disappear, can an infected person has no symptoms for many years. Without treatment the virus remains in the body grow and attack of the immune system. After a certain point, symptoms appear and then continue. These symptoms usually include:

Swollen lymph glands.Extreme fatigue.Weight loss.Fever Night sweat.

A doctor may suspect HIV if these symptoms last and no other cause may be found.

Treatment usually keeps the virus under control, and helps the immune system to stay healthy.

The u.s. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) has tests that HIV antibodies are found in the urine, liquid from the mouth (oral liquid), or blood approved. As a test on urine or oral fluid shows that you are infected with HIV, you probably need a blood test to confirm the results. If you have been exposed to HIV, will make your immune system antibodies to try to destroy the virus. Tests on the blood can find these antibodies in your blood.

Most doctors use two tests of the blood, called the ELISA and Western blot test. If the first ELISA is positive (which means HIV antibodies are found), the blood sample tested again. If the second test is positive, will the doctor to be sure to do a Western blot.

It takes as long as 6 months for HIV antibodies to show in a blood sample. If you think you have been exposed to HIV but you test negative for it:

Get tested again in 6 months to make sure that you are not affected.Meanwhile, steps to prevent the spread of the virus. If you are infected, you can still pass HIV to another person during this time.

Some people are afraid to be tested for HIV. But if there is a chance that you might be infected, it is very important to find out. HIV can be treated. Early treatment can slow down the virus and help you stay healthy. And you should know if you are infected so that you can prevent the spread of infection to other people.

You can get HIV tests in most doctors ' offices, health clinics, hospitals and clinics Planned Parenthood. You can also buy a home HIV test kit in a drugstore or by mail order. But be very careful to choose only a test approved by the u.s. Food and Drug Administration (FDA). As a home test is positive, consult a doctor to the result confirmed and to find out what to do.

The standard treatment for HIV is a combination of medicines called highly active antiretroviral therapy (HAART). Antiretroviral drugs slow down the rate at which the virus multiplies. These medicines can reduce the amount of virus in your body and help you stay healthy.

It may not be easy to find the best time to start the procedure. There are pros and cons on starting HAART before your CD4 + cell count is too low. Discuss this with your doctor so you available choices.

To check the HIV infection and its impact on your immune system, a doctor will do two tests:

Viral load, the amount of virus in your blood.Number of CD4 + cells, which shows how well your immune system works.

If you do not have symptoms and your CD4 + cell count at a healthy level, perhaps even treatment. Your doctor will repeat the tests on a regular basis to see how you are doing. If you have symptoms or some other health problems, you must start with the treatment, what your CD4 + count.

After you start treatment, it is important to your medication exactly as directed by your doctor. When the treatment doesn't work, it is often because HIV resistant for medicine has become. This can happen if you take your medications correctly. Ask your doctor if you have questions about your treatment.

Treatment is much easier to follow in the past few years. New combination medicines contain two or three different medications in one pill. Many people with HIV get the treatment they need by just one or two pills per day.

To stay healthy as possible during the treatment:

Don't smoke. People with HIV are more likely to have a heart attack or getting Lung cancer. 1, 2 non-smoking can these risks increase even more.Eat a healthy, balanced diet to keep track of your immune system strong.Getting regular physical activity to reduce stress and improve the quality of your life.No illegal drug use, and restrict your use of alcohol.

Learn everything you can about HIV so you can play an active role in your treatment. Your doctor can help you understand HIV and the best way to handle it. Also consider joining a support group for HIV. Support groups can be a great place to share information and emotions about HIV infection.

HIV can be spread by people who don't know they are infected. To protect yourself and others:

Practice safe sex. Use a condom every time you sex (including oral sex) have until you are sure that you and your partner are not infected with HIV.Don't have more than one sex partner at a time. The safest sex is with a partner who only has sex with you.Talk with your partner before the first time you have sex. Find out if he or she is at risk of HIV. Get together and retested 6 months later tested. In the meantime, use condoms.Do not drink much alcohol or use of illegal drugs for sex. You can down your guard and not practice safe sex.Don't share personal items such as toothbrushes and razors.Never share needles or syringes with everyone.

Frequently asked questions

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7 ways to treat erectile dysfunction

Treatment for men unable to get an erection took a big leap forward when the first oral erectile dysfunction (ED) medication, Viagra (sildenafil), was introduced in 1998. But there are steps recently in a number of other ED treatments, ranging from over-the-counter pumps to surgical implants and suppositories.

Diagnosis of your own ED is a good idea, however, is not. If you have problems getting an erection, it is important to have a physician before pursuing a kind of treatment. There could be a medical certificate for your condition, and your health and sexual history can come in the game. Here are seven ways to treat ed. View slideshow.

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Syphilis Is still one of the most common Stds

Syphilis is a sexually transmitted disease (STD). If it is not treated by a doctor, it can be worse in the time and cause serious health problems.

The infection can be active at times and not active at other times. When the infection is active, you have symptoms. If it is not active, you have no symptoms, although you still have syphilis. But even when you don't have symptoms, you can transmit syphilis to others.

You have to have of sexual intercourse to get syphilis. Just is in close contact with an infected person, mouth, genitals and rectum enough to expose you to the disease.

Bacteria causing syphilis. They typically enter the body through the tissues that line the throat, nose, rectum and vagina. A person with syphilis a sore or rash may or may not be the disease to others. An infected pregnant woman can syphilis also pass it on to her baby.

Some things increase your chances of getting syphilis. They include:

Unprotected sex (such as not using condoms or they are not used correctly). This risk is high among the people who have unsafe sex with other men.Having more than one sex partner and live in an area where syphilis is common.Having a sex partner who has syphilis.Sex with a partner who has many sex partners.The trade in sex for drugs or money.Having HIV.

You may not notice symptoms of syphilis. Sometimes they are the same as symptoms of other diseases. This allows someone with the disease delayed seeing a doctor. And it can make it harder for a doctor to tell if you have syphilis.

The four stages of syphilis have different symptoms.

Primary phase: One of the first signs is a painless open wound a chancre (say "SHANK-there"). Because syphilis is usually spread when people have sexual contact, chancres often found in the mouth, anus, or the genital area. They can also be found where the bacteria entered the body.Secondary phase: A rash and other symptoms may appear from 4 to 10 weeks after a person is infected. At this stage, it is very easy to spread of the disease by contact with the mouth, anus, genitals or in an area where there is a rash.Latent phase: After the results from being erased, can make a person a period with no symptoms. This is often called the "hidden stage." Although the symptoms disappear, the bacteria that causes syphilis are still in the body and start to damage the internal organs. This stage can be as short as 1 year or last from 5 to 20 years. Often, a woman with know-phase latent syphilis doesn't think she has the disease until she gives birth to a child with syphilis.Late (tertiary) stage: If syphilis is not found and treated in the early stages, it can cause other serious health problems. This may include blindness, problems with the nervous system and heart, and mental disorders. It can also cause death.

You have sores, bumps, a rash, blisters or warts on or around your anal or genital area, or if you think you were exposed to an STD, see your doctor.

He or she will do a physical exam and will ask you about your symptoms and your sexual history. You probably have one or more blood tests to check for the disease. Because the open sores from syphilis HIV infection more likely, you can also be tested for HIV.

To prevent babies from getting syphilis, experts recommend that all pregnant women have a blood tests syphilis.

Syphilis can be cured with antibiotics. Both you and all sex partners you may have been exposed to the disease will have to be addressed.

It is important to know that syphilis is not a disease that you can handle on your own. It should be treated with medications that only your doctor can give you. You avoid with treatment, other serious health problems. And treatment keeps you from spreading syphilis to others.

If a woman is pregnant and untreated syphilis, it can cause miscarriage or stillbirth. It can also cause the baby to be born with the disease. This is called congenital syphilis.

In each stage of the disease to antibiotics work well cured of syphilis. They do not undo the already by late-stage syphilis caused damage. But they can help you to further problems prevent any disease.

There are some things you can do to prevent syphilis. Whether you have never had the disease or you earlier and trying to keep from getting the weather, you can use these tips:

Limit how many sex partners you have, and be aware of any risky behavior.Always use condoms. And they are correct. Are aware of the expiration date of the condom.Buy condoms that meet safety standards.Hold the condom in its packaging until you are ready to use it.Women can use a female condom.

Frequently asked questions

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